Surgical castration has a negative impact on production in the suckling period, especially in pigs in the three lower quartiles for body weight.

According to the initial report from Scandinavia, B. suanatina can be isolated from birds and cross-species infection could be demonstrated infecting pigs with an avian isolate.

The study identifies the ASF transmission rate value in affected natural wild populations, for the first time, which could provide basis for modelling ASF transmission.

The effects of infection by E. coli were dependent of both bacterial load and storage period, whereas the effects of C. perfringens were mainly dependent on the bacterial load.