Group and environmental sampling strategies should be considered in influenza surveillance programs in particular if the goal is just to detect infection.

The findings of this study emphasize the importance of considering transmission of FMD during the incubation phase in modeling and response planning.

Seropositive wild boar in certain areas suggests that some animals may be surviving for some time or could even be recovering from the disease. This could be due to the presence of related viruses of reduced virulence.

Although greater concentrations of ASF virus were required to cause infection through feed, the high frequency of exposure may make contaminated feed a more significant risk factor.