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With recent fluctuations in energy costs, questions have been raised about the effects of removing high or primary energy sources from the diet and additional dietary energy reductions with the addition of low-energy feedstuffs such as wheat middlings (WM). Energy intake drives protein deposition until a plateau is reached and then any further increase in energy results in fat deposition. In this regard, ractopamine hydrochloride alters this deposition pattern by increasing the partitioning of energy to protein accretion by decreasing lipogenesis and increasing lipolysis in adipose tissue and increasing protein synthesis in muscle tissue. The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential interactions between energy density of the diet and ractopamine inclusion on growth performance, carcass characteristics and meat quality of finishing pigs. A total of 54 finishing barrows (initial BW = 99.8 ± 5.1 kg) reared in individual pens were allotted to 1 of 6 dietary treatments in a 2 x 3 factorial arrangement of treatments with 2 levels of ractopamine (0 and 7.4 mg/kg) and 3 levels of dietary energy (high, 3,537; medium, 3,369 and low, 3,317 kcal of ME/kg). High-energy diets were corn-soybean meal (CSM) based with 4% added fat; medium-energy diets were CSM based with 0.5% added fat; and low-energy diets were CSM based with 0.5% added fat and 15% WM. Diets within each ractopamine level were formulated to contain the same standardized ileal digestible Lys:ME (0 mg/kg, 1.82; and 7.4 mg/kg, 2.65 g/Mcal of ME). Individual pig BW and feed disappearance were recorded at the beginning and conclusion (d 21) of the study. On d 21, pigs were slaughtered for determination of carcass characteristics and meat quality.
No ractopamine x energy level interactions (P > 0.10) were observed for any response criteria. Final BW (125.2 vs. 121.1 kg), ADG (1.2 vs. 1.0 kg/d), and G:F (0.31 vs. 0.40) were improved (P < 0.001) with feeding of ractopamine diets. Feeding of the low-energy diet reduced (P = 0.001) final BW and ADG compared with the high- and medium-energy diets. Gain:feed was reduced (P = 0.005) when the medium-energy diets were compared with the high-energy diets. Additionally, G:F was reduced (P = 0.002) when the low-energy diets were compared with the high- and medium-energy diets. Feeding ractopamine diets increased (P < 0.05) hot carcass weights (93.6 vs. 89.9 kg) and LM area (51.2 vs. 44.2 cm2). The LM pH decline was reduced (P ≤ 0.05) by feeding ractopamine diets. The feeding of a low-energy diets reduced (P = 0.001) HCW when compared with the high- and medium-energy diets and reduced (P = 0.024) 10th-rib backfat when compared with the high- and medium-energy diets. These data indicate that feeding ractopamine diets improved growth performance and carcass characteristics, while having little or no detrimental effect on meat quality. Reductions in energy content of the diet, by adding 15% wheat middlings resulted in impaired ADG, G:F, and 10th-rib backfat.
There were no ractopamine x energy level interactions in this trial, which indicates that the improvements resulting from feeding ractopamine were present regardless of the dietary energy levels.
RB Hinson, BR Wiegand, MJ Ritter, GL Allee and SN Carr. Impact of dietary energy level and ractopamine on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and meat quality of finishing pigs. 2011. Journal of Animal Science. 89:3572-3579. http://dx.doi.org/10.2527/jas.2010-3302